Censorship

MURDOCH'S MACTAGGERT LECTURE

Rupert Murdoch, Edinburgh Television Festival 1989 (MacTaggert Lecture)

GILLIAN DOYLE's MEDIA OWNERSHIP

From his 2002 book "Media Ownership"

Cultural pluralism is another important concernCultural diversity and the cohesiveness of society will be threatened unless the cultures, views and values of all groupings within society (such as those sharing a particular language, race or creed) are reflected within the media.

Read more here from his paper from the Uni of Stirling:

LORD BLACK'S 1945 US CONGRESS STATEMENT

Linking it to the First Amendment in the US Constitution by Justice Hugo Black of the US Supreme Court:

the widest possible dissemination of information from diverse and antagonistic sources is essential to the welfare of the public...a free press is a condition of a free society.

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C.EDWIN BAKER:

Also author of books, including Media Concentration and Democracy and Media, Markets and Democracy.

Types of Articles

EDITORIAL: News, also means a column known as The Editorial

THE EDITORIAL:

OPINION: Opinion

ADVERTORIAL: Payed-for content, in appeareance of style, payed for

HISTORY - Royal Commissions On The Press

SOURCES
An entry in Britannica:


Additional reading recommended:

• J. CURRAN, “Press Reformism 1918–98: A Study of Failure,” 
• in H. TUMBER (ed.), Media Power, Professionals and Policies (2000), pp. 35–55; 
• T. O’Malley, “Demanding Accountability: The Press, the Royal Commissions and the Pressure for Reform, 1945–1977,” 
• in H. STEPHENSON and M. BROMLEY (eds.), Sex, Lies and Democracy (1998), pp. 84–96.

History of Press Regulation:

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HISTORY of BBFC Cenors

A.L. WATKINS

Banned the film The Wild One for fears of its effect on youth gangs
gave the film Rebel Without A Cause an X certificate

JOHN TREVELYAN

Corruption for collusion between producers and censors?
However still issues with the LGBT+ connotations of the nude wrestling scene in Ken Russell's Women In Love.

Snapchat

Snapchat, launched in 2011, owned by:

ISSUES WITH PRIVACY

In June 2017, Snapchat introduced Snap Map

This video from Snapchat's YouTube Channel, specifically targets teen to early 20s audiences, especially female:

The Verge:

Earlier this week, Snapchat introduced Snap Map, an opt-in function that allows you to share your location with your friends on a map. Snapchat’s introduction video to Snap Map, seen above, focuses on sharing the location of posted Snaps to Our Story, which is public, and could be useful for, say, seeing a collection of Snaps from a particular event.
But what Snapchat doesn’t tell you in the video, or in the app, is that if you aren’t careful, Snap Map will broadcast your exact location to anyone on your friends list every time you open the app.
When you update Snapchat and get to the Snap Map walkthrough, as seen below, only three screens need to be clicked through to complete it. Though it mentions sharing your location, it’s vague on what that exactly means. Users might not understand that Snap is posting your location on Snap Map every time you open the app. Not just when you share Snaps to Our Story.

Some facts that are not made evident:

• If you are choosing to share your location on the Map, your location is updated every time the Snapchat app is opened.
• If a Snapchatter chooses to share their location with all of their friends on Snapchat, the app will remind them of that choice periodically to make sure they are still comfortable with this.
• Only mutual friends can see each other on the Map.
• Snapchat will delete precise location data after a short period of time. (This period of time was not specified.) Some more general location data may be retained a little longer (this time was also not specified), but the company says that is also subject to regular deletion.
• If you tap on your friend, you will see when their location was updated (i.e., 1 hour ago, 2 hours ago). Their location reflects where they last opened Snapchat.
• A friend’s location will remain on the Map for up to 8 hours if they do not open the app again, causing their location to update. If more than 8 hours has passed and a Snapchatter has not opened the app, their location will disappear from the Map entirely.

It is possible to disable it however for free, unlike your preferences being passed on to advertisers by Google and Facebook:

If you want to disable Snap Map, select “Ghost Mode” upon Snapchat’s initial walkthrough. If you’ve already enabled location sharing for Snap Map, tap the settings gear in the top right while viewing the Map, and select Ghost Mode from there.

The police had to get involved, as described in The Telegraph:

Police forces have raised child safety concerns about a new Snapchat feature that reveals users' locations amid fears it could be used for stalking.
Parents have been warned to turn off "Snap Maps" on their children's phones after Snapchat, which is wildly popular among teenagers, introduced the location-sharing mode this week.
The feature displays a map of nearby friends, showing their latest location gathered using a smartphone's GPS sensor.  Users of the app can also search for locations such as individual schools, with the app displaying public photos and videos sent by students.

The Guardian addressing issues of bullying and stalking:

The new feature has raised concerns among safety experts who fear it could be used to stalk or bully others.
“Given how specific this new feature is on Snapchat – giving your location to a precise pinpoint on a map – we would encourage users not to share their location, especially with people they don’t know in person,” said child safety group Childnet International in a blogpost.
“It is important to be careful about who you share your location with, as it can allow people to build up a picture of where you live, go to school and spend your time.”
“Parents need to sit down with their kids and get them to really consider which friends they are sharing with,” added Larry Magid, the CEO of ConnectSafely.org.
“Users should be aware of the feature and review it periodically – if a friend becomes an ex-friend, for example.”

EyeWitness Report:

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Effect of Stamp Duty + Advertising TBC

Curran and Seaton argue in their book *Insert title* against the narrative that the Stamp Duty Act in 1851 helped liberate the press, in fact it lead to the decrease of radical and leftist views in the press. This was also stated in Chomsky's and Herrmann's Manufacturing Consent.

Examples in the 20th Century:

• The Daily Herald relaunched as The Sun  in 1964, taken over by billionaire of Rupert Murdoch in 1969, in corporate power
• News Chronicle absorbed into The Daily Mail
• Reynold's News, sunday paper turned into tabloid Sunday Citizen in 1962, final issue in 1967

From this source:

In 1800, four main daily newspapers were being published in London, of roughly equal importance: the Morning Post; the Morning Chronicle; the Morning Herald and The Times. The Morning Post had recruited the services of the poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge, who wrote for the paper regularly from 1795 until 1802, and such was the impact of his work, that the circulation of the paper rose to 4,500 copies by 1802.⁴ The Morning Post was said to be the preferred reading of the aristocracy, and its circulation remained largely steady, with some 3,000 copies being sold in 1847. The Morning Chronicle(started in 1765) was originally a Whig paper, but was purchased by a consortium of Peelites in 1848.⁵ The Standard was started in 1827 as an evening paper with Conservative views. It specifically opposed Catholic Emancipation.⁶ In later years, The Standard became one of the principal conservative daily newspapers.

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