MONDAY, 12 MARCH 2018
- Statutory Regulation Vs Non-Statutory Regulation: BBFC Vs IPSO
- Read the Media Guardian, Roy Greenslade
- Max Moseley - Successfully sued News Of The World or The Sun for a Nazi-themed S+M party
- Digitisation + Convergence, Twitter shaming
NAMES OF THEORISTS:
Chomksy, Petley, Barkley
POINTS:
Quentin Letts case, there are tweets, it was rejected due to it being a third party complaint, even though they had said one of the ways to improve from the PCC would be to listen to third party complaints, something that was criticised
The twitter row does not stop, it's picked up by newspapers (Guardian, Independent, Huffington Post)
Too simplistic to say Twitter is a regulator, it's not Twitter in isolation, it's when wider media pick up on rows and scandals taking place, that's when it becomes more significant
John Prescott has 280 000 followers, he is in some position of power
Prescott argues that it wasn't just The Guardian, that there would not have been a Leveson Inquiry if people hadn't kept tweeting.
Circulation is not the same as readership (increased even more by digitisation)
Phone-hacking is not linked to complain about a story, the very nature of the PCC and IPSO
Every single other national newspaper completely ignored the story of phone hacking or attacked them for it.
They reported on it for years until the Milly Dowler case made the story break.
The Fourth Estate = denotes the press as free from the rich and powerful, it's not part of the politicians. It scrutinises what they do, and hold them to account, and if they break laws it will make it known, so they can be voted out or the police can get involved. If you've got billionaire owners, then you don't have that separation. As corporate entities, it's in their interest to pursue and combat low tax laws, environmental regulation (not paying tax)
When talking about ownership, there have been a number of ethically questionable corporate owners
Conrad Black - pre Barclay Brothers
Robert Maxwell - Mirror
Tiny Rowlands - Observer
Professional standards
Cover price needed to be reduced
Before 1851, the press were actually a radical press. One person would read it to many
C+S go into a lot of detail, read later chapters on future ideas of press regulation.
"These reforms will ensure that the press are owned by people like us"
The historical consensus is that it made the press more free, very hegemonic. Takeaway interference and government influence
The Peacock and Calcutt Committees praised the Stamp Duty Act as the creators of free press when looking into TV and ad regulation.
But can Twitter actually regulate itself if it helps regulate the press:
https://www.independent.co.uk/news/facebook-ads-jewish-antisemitic-haters-keywords-sells-target-users-a7947656.html
RESEARCH
POINTS:
- More attention should be payed on Silicon Valley and other tech giants who own Google and Facebook, who more and more are controlling young people's source to news (digitisation, web 2.0, convergence), The government needs to be more upfront about this (criticism by Sadiq Khan), content is money, want to ban as little as possible
- Leveson Inquiry, Part 2, Conservatives against and Labour in favour, which influences the tabloids's coverage of these parties
- Tendency of Tabloids for Sensationalism and Inaccuracy, example of reporting there were gunshots and that a lorry drove into people at Oxford Circus
OVERLAPS WITH KEY THEMES:
Digitisation, Ownership
TUESDAY, 13 MARCH 2018
Media Reg Terminology Log
MONDAY, 19 MARCH 2018
Cambridge Analytica Revelations, shows the hypocrisy and double standards with social media and new media in general, they are able to get away with things that even the self-regulated press can't
David Mellor, Culture Secretary, had oversight of Media Regulation.
TERMS:
Self-Regulation: The industry regulates themselves, like the police which causes controversy
Voluntary Self-Regulation: ...
Statutory Regulation: Law goes on the statute book
Three national daily newspapers (The Independent, The Guardian, The Financial Times) have refused to sign up to IPSO.
Every newspaper has to fund the regulator they sign up to.
Richard Desmond withdrew from PCC, no consequence.
If you try and distribute a film that hasn't been rated by the BBFC or air TV or radio which hasn't been licensed by OfCom, that's a criminal offence.
IS REGULATION EFFECTIVE? NO.
Press TV was banned from Britain
Russia Today might now also lose their license under political pressure because they are seen as state propaganda for Russia.
1980s
NEWSPAPERS ARE DOOMED!!!
Broadcasters are governed by law, forbidden by law to be biased.
Richard Desmond: "Ethics, what is this?"
David Mellor: "The press is drinking in the last chance saloon"
Gordon Brown, got a phone-call from Rebekah Brooks
Corbyn gets extreme negative coverage from the press.
...
WEDNESDAY, 21 MARCH 2018
Ben Bagdikian, The Media Monopoly
When the term "free press" is used, it means all media, because it was coined before the introducing of electronic media.
1. For a democracy you must have a free press, independent from (Basic democratic theory
Leveson 2 was supposed to be researching the relationship between the press and the powerful, the Conservatives were against it, Labour in favour.
Chomsky + Herman argue we do not have a free press in the West
The title of the book, Manufacturing Consent, sums up its argument.
Hegemony is the argument you don't need to use force. If you can define the narrative, you can control politics and economics. Right now it is taboo to argue against the fixed narrative that Putin
2.
ROYAL COMMISSION ON THE PRESS
Key issue for the three commissions
1st Royal Commission (1947-49)
2nd Royal Commission (1961-62)
3rd Royal Commission (1974-77)
QUALITY, BROADSHEET
RED-TOP
MID-MARKET
TABLOID
Murdoch owns Fox News, The New York Post and The Wall Street Journal.
Deregulation, Reagan and Thatcher.
Give a list of the current national daily newspapers, ownership + circulation.
THURSDAY, 22 MARCH 2018
Watchdog Function: Watch those in a position of power, prevent corruption
The Fourth Estate: Back to the definitions of The Clergy, The Nobility and The Commoners.
You need privately owned media, if you have state media.
Leveson2 was meant to look at the relationship between the media, the politicians and the police, the amount of collusion, in greater depth.
Police were well aware of phone-hacking,
The PCC scrapped itself
IPSO in theory
The media are opposed to left-wing politicians.
In a democracy you sacrifice some individual freedoms, based on the notion that the politicians will represent the powerful overall.
The press tells the public that trade unions, workers' rights and environmental issues are a bad thing. A form of brainwashing.
The media have twisted public opinion.
Chomsky and Hermann The owners are the powerfulThatcher and Murdoch convinced working class to vote for policies that would be hostile towards them.
Trickle Down Economics: If the rich are richer, the rich will spend money
The decline of circulation is an argument to not have tougher, strong regulation.
When an industry is declining financially, which is an argument the Tories use.
IT WAS THE SUN WOT WON IT. Boasting having swamped the election
Decline of circulation has declined ever since the 198os since the web emerged.
The press still sets the agenda.
What the press reports is what TV + radio reports.
If you use abbreviations
RCP: Royal Commission on the Press
1694-1952: There is no regulation accept wider laws. (laws which are not specific to the press)
It is not a press regulator which overseas libel laws, general media regulation.
The Sun used to be the struggling
He introduced Page 3, added more sport, more celebrity gossip, less sex scandal, less hard politics, more texts
Tabloidisation.
It was removed due to an online campaign (Digitisation and Web 2.o) No More Page 3.
COMPARISON WITH OTHER INDUSTRIES
Radio Almost Immediately Tough Regulation
Tv Almost Immediately Tough Regulation
Music Almost Immediately Tough Regulation
Film started in 189os, 2o years later tough regulation.
If you campaign for press regulation, you will face constant negative coverage.
Royal Commission is supposed to be an expert panel that is above party politics, because an issue is seen as too sensitive for one party to handle.
It's supposed to stop pressure from the press.
Leveson Inquiry is also independent from politics, when he reports
As a democracy we don't have one party
If the Conservatives
After the war ended, there was a huge concern with press barons.
Also, the press was overwhelmingly right-wing, and there is no balance with the amount of left-wing papers.
We've got concentration of ownership and lack of pluralism, concern over general standards.
Parliament then agreed to set up a Royal Commission on the Press, to be neutral, same with Lord Calcutt and Lord Leveson they are also
The PCC tried to censor The Guardian's reports on phone-hacking., attacking the newspaper.
Once the Milly Dowler Story kicked in, a dramatic shift in public opinion, they were disgusted at News Of The World
Murdoch closed News Of The World, because he was afraid that his advertiser boycott would spread across the rest of his media empire.
Quick-fired by Facebook and Twitter campaigns, which led to boycotts by advertising companies.
Press State Regulation.
1947: 1 RCP
1949: 1 RCP report
1949-52: Press Refuse
1952: General Council of the Press, after cross-parliament political pressure of statutory regulation.
1961: 2nd RCP launched
1962: 2nd RCP report
1963: GCP replaced by Press Council.
1977: You have a coalition government. but with a very small minority. Very weak Labour government. 1977 report, no new press regulator, because of fear of the press.
This government had a chance to do something because of an election coming up, because they would lose because of overwhelming negative
If they had followed the recommendations of 3.RCP, statutory regulation would have followed.
1979: Conservatives win under Margaret Thatcher.
198os: Right-wing era
Cambridge Analytica Revelations, shows the hypocrisy and double standards with social media and new media in general, they are able to get away with things that even the self-regulated press can't
David Mellor, Culture Secretary, had oversight of Media Regulation.
TERMS:
Self-Regulation: The industry regulates themselves, like the police which causes controversy
Voluntary Self-Regulation: ...
Statutory Regulation: Law goes on the statute book
Three national daily newspapers (The Independent, The Guardian, The Financial Times) have refused to sign up to IPSO.
Every newspaper has to fund the regulator they sign up to.
Richard Desmond withdrew from PCC, no consequence.
If you try and distribute a film that hasn't been rated by the BBFC or air TV or radio which hasn't been licensed by OfCom, that's a criminal offence.
IS REGULATION EFFECTIVE? NO.
Press TV was banned from Britain
Russia Today might now also lose their license under political pressure because they are seen as state propaganda for Russia.
1980s
NEWSPAPERS ARE DOOMED!!!
Broadcasters are governed by law, forbidden by law to be biased.
Richard Desmond: "Ethics, what is this?"
David Mellor: "The press is drinking in the last chance saloon"
Gordon Brown, got a phone-call from Rebekah Brooks
Corbyn gets extreme negative coverage from the press.
...
WEDNESDAY, 21 MARCH 2018
Ben Bagdikian, The Media Monopoly
When the term "free press" is used, it means all media, because it was coined before the introducing of electronic media.
1. For a democracy you must have a free press, independent from (Basic democratic theory
Leveson 2 was supposed to be researching the relationship between the press and the powerful, the Conservatives were against it, Labour in favour.
Chomsky + Herman argue we do not have a free press in the West
The title of the book, Manufacturing Consent, sums up its argument.
Hegemony is the argument you don't need to use force. If you can define the narrative, you can control politics and economics. Right now it is taboo to argue against the fixed narrative that Putin
2.
ROYAL COMMISSION ON THE PRESS
Key issue for the three commissions
1st Royal Commission (1947-49)
2nd Royal Commission (1961-62)
3rd Royal Commission (1974-77)
QUALITY, BROADSHEET
- The Guardian
- The Times
- The Daily Telegraph
MID-MARKET
- The Daily Mail
- The Daily Express
TABLOID
- The Sun
- The Daily Express
- The Daily Star
Murdoch owns Fox News, The New York Post and The Wall Street Journal.
Deregulation, Reagan and Thatcher.
Give a list of the current national daily newspapers, ownership + circulation.
THURSDAY, 22 MARCH 2018
Watchdog Function: Watch those in a position of power, prevent corruption
The Fourth Estate: Back to the definitions of The Clergy, The Nobility and The Commoners.
You need privately owned media, if you have state media.
Leveson2 was meant to look at the relationship between the media, the politicians and the police, the amount of collusion, in greater depth.
Police were well aware of phone-hacking,
The PCC scrapped itself
IPSO in theory
The media are opposed to left-wing politicians.
In a democracy you sacrifice some individual freedoms, based on the notion that the politicians will represent the powerful overall.
The press tells the public that trade unions, workers' rights and environmental issues are a bad thing. A form of brainwashing.
The media have twisted public opinion.
Chomsky and Hermann The owners are the powerfulThatcher and Murdoch convinced working class to vote for policies that would be hostile towards them.
Trickle Down Economics: If the rich are richer, the rich will spend money
The decline of circulation is an argument to not have tougher, strong regulation.
When an industry is declining financially, which is an argument the Tories use.
IT WAS THE SUN WOT WON IT. Boasting having swamped the election
Decline of circulation has declined ever since the 198os since the web emerged.
The press still sets the agenda.
What the press reports is what TV + radio reports.
If you use abbreviations
RCP: Royal Commission on the Press
1694-1952: There is no regulation accept wider laws. (laws which are not specific to the press)
It is not a press regulator which overseas libel laws, general media regulation.
The Sun used to be the struggling
He introduced Page 3, added more sport, more celebrity gossip, less sex scandal, less hard politics, more texts
Tabloidisation.
It was removed due to an online campaign (Digitisation and Web 2.o) No More Page 3.
COMPARISON WITH OTHER INDUSTRIES
Radio Almost Immediately Tough Regulation
Tv Almost Immediately Tough Regulation
Music Almost Immediately Tough Regulation
Film started in 189os, 2o years later tough regulation.
If you campaign for press regulation, you will face constant negative coverage.
Royal Commission is supposed to be an expert panel that is above party politics, because an issue is seen as too sensitive for one party to handle.
It's supposed to stop pressure from the press.
Leveson Inquiry is also independent from politics, when he reports
As a democracy we don't have one party
If the Conservatives
After the war ended, there was a huge concern with press barons.
Also, the press was overwhelmingly right-wing, and there is no balance with the amount of left-wing papers.
We've got concentration of ownership and lack of pluralism, concern over general standards.
Parliament then agreed to set up a Royal Commission on the Press, to be neutral, same with Lord Calcutt and Lord Leveson they are also
The PCC tried to censor The Guardian's reports on phone-hacking., attacking the newspaper.
Once the Milly Dowler Story kicked in, a dramatic shift in public opinion, they were disgusted at News Of The World
Murdoch closed News Of The World, because he was afraid that his advertiser boycott would spread across the rest of his media empire.
Quick-fired by Facebook and Twitter campaigns, which led to boycotts by advertising companies.
Press State Regulation.
1947: 1 RCP
1949: 1 RCP report
1949-52: Press Refuse
1952: General Council of the Press, after cross-parliament political pressure of statutory regulation.
1961: 2nd RCP launched
1962: 2nd RCP report
1963: GCP replaced by Press Council.
1977: You have a coalition government. but with a very small minority. Very weak Labour government. 1977 report, no new press regulator, because of fear of the press.
This government had a chance to do something because of an election coming up, because they would lose because of overwhelming negative
If they had followed the recommendations of 3.RCP, statutory regulation would have followed.
1979: Conservatives win under Margaret Thatcher.
198os: Right-wing era
MONDAY, 16 APRIL 2018
The regulators do not mention pluralism and ownership.
Broadsheet was twice the size of the tabloid, but it's now been shrunk to the tabloid form.
Floppy disk, data chip.
The regulators do not mention pluralism and ownership.
Broadsheet was twice the size of the tabloid, but it's now been shrunk to the tabloid form.
Floppy disk, data chip.
Lack of pluralism.
All newspapers in private ownership (except The Guardian?)
Private interest, you do not want strong trade unions, taxes and environmental protection, that is harmful in democracy.
Basic democratic theory has at the core of its concept a free press.
Tax exiles, donors.
CHINA: Entire system of government is a one-party system, based around the Communist party, and there is no free press, the government runs and owns almost all of the media.
All newspapers in private ownership (except The Guardian?)
Private interest, you do not want strong trade unions, taxes and environmental protection, that is harmful in democracy.
Basic democratic theory has at the core of its concept a free press.
Tax exiles, donors.
CHINA: Entire system of government is a one-party system, based around the Communist party, and there is no free press, the government runs and owns almost all of the media.
1953= GDP
1694: Press licensing abolished, means end of state control, something which still applies to broadcasting (TV+radio)
1851= Taxation was scrapped, hailed as start of a free press, C+S, helped to bring
10 rulings by the PCC and IPSO are enough, 2 or 3 in detail plus others to mention.
However, just as important to look at complaints that were not raised by the regulators.
The Sunday Times invented quotes of Lord Prescott, he tweeted and
Max Moseley, libel law (wider laws)
Legal aid has been dramatically cut
Prince Charles, spider letters.
1694: Press licensing abolished, means end of state control, something which still applies to broadcasting (TV+radio)
1851= Taxation was scrapped, hailed as start of a free press, C+S, helped to bring
10 rulings by the PCC and IPSO are enough, 2 or 3 in detail plus others to mention.
However, just as important to look at complaints that were not raised by the regulators.
The Sunday Times invented quotes of Lord Prescott, he tweeted and
Max Moseley, libel law (wider laws)
Legal aid has been dramatically cut
Prince Charles, spider letters.
To what extent has a figure put themselves in the public, which gives it credibility of public interest.
Public Interest defence, part of the Editors' Code, it's in the democratic interest.
Invasion of privacy,
The public were interested
News of the Screws - Sex scandals.
Someone preaching on purity and chastity, if someone is campaigning around values and issues.
Public Interest defence, part of the Editors' Code, it's in the democratic interest.
Invasion of privacy,
The public were interested
News of the Screws - Sex scandals.
Someone preaching on purity and chastity, if someone is campaigning around values and issues.
Hypocrisy Line, is a potential defence.
If they all go bust,
Advertising is migrating online, Google and Facebook are swallowing it all up.
System of fines.
Rupert Murdoch is raging on how Google and Facebook are getting access to The Sun through Google searches (unlike
Facebook doesn't give a lot to newspapers, similar how Spotify and YouTube are not giving a lot to music
Blogs, ezines, they're not regulated by IPSO. Is tougher regulation fair?
IMPRESS wants to get a Royal Charter, if they become a regulator, newspaper will always have to pay court cases.
Free market - Laissez-faires, gradual impact of deregulation.
If they all go bust,
Advertising is migrating online, Google and Facebook are swallowing it all up.
System of fines.
Rupert Murdoch is raging on how Google and Facebook are getting access to The Sun through Google searches (unlike
Facebook doesn't give a lot to newspapers, similar how Spotify and YouTube are not giving a lot to music
Blogs, ezines, they're not regulated by IPSO. Is tougher regulation fair?
IMPRESS wants to get a Royal Charter, if they become a regulator, newspaper will always have to pay court cases.
Free market - Laissez-faires, gradual impact of deregulation.
THURSDAY, 19 APRIL 2018
Is Twitter a more effective press regulator than IPSO?
Beckham ignores the regulator, behaviour by public figures like these shows how ineffective it has proven.
Child Protection does not have a Public Interest exemption for children. (age of 15)
The Sunday Times wanted to publish a sex scandal about David Beckham, he went to the court and they gave him an injunction, were not allowed to mention his name, privelege due to celebrity status (Guardian)
Eventually the UK press . The story was published in France, then it was tweeted across the world, and then put into public domain, and that undermines the injunction.
LIBEL LAW= Very big legal fines. Also applies to social media, several people in Britain jailed for racist comments in Britain.
Toploader Guitarist.
Is Twitter a more effective press regulator than IPSO?
Beckham ignores the regulator, behaviour by public figures like these shows how ineffective it has proven.
Child Protection does not have a Public Interest exemption for children. (age of 15)
The Sunday Times wanted to publish a sex scandal about David Beckham, he went to the court and they gave him an injunction, were not allowed to mention his name, privelege due to celebrity status (Guardian)
Eventually the UK press . The story was published in France, then it was tweeted across the world, and then put into public domain, and that undermines the injunction.
LIBEL LAW= Very big legal fines. Also applies to social media, several people in Britain jailed for racist comments in Britain.
Toploader Guitarist.
If you're not a high profile figure, then it's quite unlikely your tweet will receive attentions, however pressure groups like Hacked Off could be said to be evening the balance.
The twitter reactions to the pre-watershed screening of Watership Down shows that if the press pick up the story, then that leads to them becoming effective.
The press, long-term exposure.
Quentin Letts said the press was being overtly politically correct.
To what extent should IPSO be trying to curtail the
IPSO have been a lot of quicker in their response than the PCC. The PCC was criticised repeatedly by the Culture Select Committee, that they keep refusing to consider third party complaints.
FRIDAY, 20 APRIL 2018The twitter reactions to the pre-watershed screening of Watership Down shows that if the press pick up the story, then that leads to them becoming effective.
The press, long-term exposure.
Quentin Letts said the press was being overtly politically correct.
To what extent should IPSO be trying to curtail the
IPSO have been a lot of quicker in their response than the PCC. The PCC was criticised repeatedly by the Culture Select Committee, that they keep refusing to consider third party complaints.
Quentin Letts case, there are tweets, it was rejected due to it being a third party complaint, even though they had said one of the ways to improve from the PCC would be to listen to third party complaints, something that was criticised
The twitter row does not stop, it's picked up by newspapers (Guardian, Independent, Huffington Post)
Too simplistic to say Twitter is a regulator, it's not Twitter in isolation, it's when wider media pick up on rows and scandals taking place, that's when it becomes more significant
John Prescott has 280 000 followers, he is in some position of power
Prescott argues that it wasn't just The Guardian, that there would not have been a Leveson Inquiry if people hadn't kept tweeting.
Circulation is not the same as readership (increased even more by digitisation)
Phone-hacking is not linked to complain about a story, the very nature of the PCC and IPSO
Every single other national newspaper completely ignored the story of phone hacking or attacked them for it.
They reported on it for years until the Milly Dowler case made the story break.
The Fourth Estate = denotes the press as free from the rich and powerful, it's not part of the politicians. It scrutinises what they do, and hold them to account, and if they break laws it will make it known, so they can be voted out or the police can get involved. If you've got billionaire owners, then you don't have that separation. As corporate entities, it's in their interest to pursue and combat low tax laws, environmental regulation (not paying tax)
When talking about ownership, there have been a number of ethically questionable corporate owners
Conrad Black - pre Barclay Brothers
Robert Maxwell - Mirror
Tiny Rowlands - Observer
Professional standards
Cover price needed to be reduced
Before 1851, the press were actually a radical press. One person would read it to many
C+S go into a lot of detail, read later chapters on future ideas of press regulation.
"These reforms will ensure that the press are owned by people like us"
The historical consensus is that it made the press more free, very hegemonic. Takeaway interference and government influence
The Peacock and Calcutt Committees praised the Stamp Duty Act as the creators of free press when looking into TV and ad regulation.
But can Twitter actually regulate itself if it helps regulate the press:
- https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/mar/21/twitter-not-protecting-women-from-abuse-says-amnesty
- https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/google-ads-twitter-racism-antisemitism-targeting-bigoted-users-a7949796.html
https://www.independent.co.uk/news/facebook-ads-jewish-antisemitic-haters-keywords-sells-target-users-a7947656.html
HOMEWORK
Make notes on whether IPSO is a more effective regulator than the PCC
NO:
- It does not have an obligation to for papers to join as it is not bound by statute, and just like The Daily Express and The Daily Star withdrew from the PCC, here three papers; The Guardian, The Independent and The Financial Times immediately refused to join, and any paper could withdraw from it in the future
- This Editorial Code has lead to cases which haven't been addressed, such as the cartoons of SNP which attracted over 200 complaints of prejudice and bigotry against the Scottish people
YES:
- You could argue that these three papers that withdrew from IPSO have a more credible track record, however that is just chance other papers could have done it, and in terms of The Guardian and The Indie
- Also, each paper has set up its own Editorial Code, and carried out punishments, such as the sacking of Julie Burchill over her transphobic article that was viewed as hate speech.
RESEARCH
- https://www.theguardian.com/media/greenslade/2016/aug/08/news-uk-tops-list-of-complaints-upheld-in-2015-by-ipso
- https://www.theguardian.com/media/media-blog/2018/apr/01/press-standards-the-vital-bond-of-trust-that-journalists-have-to-win-back
- Independent on IPSO.
WEDNESDAY, 2 MAY 2018
Clear communications banned songs connected with war
BBC Radio also banned some songs
2 Life Crew, album As Nasty As They Wanna Be, was
Moral panic= Taking one or two examples and extrapolating that into society
Record store owners were jailed for storing this song (but owning the record wasn't a crime).
1. Link to moral panic
2. Legally judged obscene
Rap and heavy metal were attacked by the PMRC (Parents Music Research Centre) at the same time. Because of them the Parental Advisory stickers.
Economic censorship =
Warp suffer from economic censorship
Content being reduced
While white middle class kids began listening to rap music and to heavy metal music
...
Walmart don't stock any albums with the Parental Advisory stock.
Judgements of obscenity.
Stanley Cohen wrote a book, Folk Devils and Moral Panic. He analysed how the media will take one or two cases
John Springhall
When women are starting riding horses
Children playing with hoolahoops
Older people have this inherent fear of youth culture. The web has sparked countless moral panics.
Newspapers picked up on and expanded upon the tweets and contacted politicians, even the PM got involved.
VIDEO NASTIES:
A videocassette has the same legal right as a tin of baked beans.
Indie horror films, massively successful through video rentals
Julian Petley
The government appoints the head of BBFC and OfCom.
Petley's radical critique
David Cronenberg's Crash:
The government fell in with the
The BBFC said it does meet the requirements of the Obscene Publications Act, contrary to Petley's theory, despite political and press pressure.
The government does not need to fear
The current UK government to go ahead w
The first Royal Commission on the Press
The Second + Third Royal Commission had a range of
BBC and ITV both screened documentaries the British Army and the British Government against Northern Irish people, who are UK citizens.
Death On The Rock - British army assassinated several Northern Irish people
Intense pressure from newspapers
IBA, the then regulator, refused to give in to government pressure.
Thatcher then scratched the IBA and replaced it with a new regulator.
Why was the BBFC founded?
IPSO is voluntary self-regulation
The BBFC is supposedly run by the film industry on behalf of the government
The MPAA does not have statutory powers
Some cinemas will not screen unrated movies, Walmart will not stock them.
Commercial m
The Catholic Church controlled
Millions of Americans gave a vow of
Lara Croft was given a 12 after a scene with a knife was cut, if it hadn't been it would have been a 15.
There are BBFC case studies on the website with social media accounts.
A parent
We acknowledge that digitisation has made it harder for age ratings to be enforced, parents can make an informed choice.
IPSO
Many cases where IPSO haven't made a ruling
BBFC provides clear and specific guidance
MPAA provides none.
The flushing toilet, example of changes in society's attitudes over time
The Hays Code.
Reflecting social attitudes
Always better if you argue it two ways.
Bad, because it's subjective values
The BBFC do detailed audience research and analysis, and publish the results as research into social attitudes.
The Wild One = Imitable techniques, copycat behaviour. The general rebelliousness and julinquency of the youth and concerns of Americanisation.
It portrayed social class bias, there was a fear from the establishment over high culture vs pop culture (The Wild One, rock music, moral panic concept. Concept of teens was popularised helped to define the concept
The BBFC were reflecting subconscious establishment bias against working class characters.
Sweet Sixteen, low budget indie film,. The producers and distributors assumed it was a teen movie
Representation of working class life
If you have constant
Local councils extremely rare to challenge the BBFC. Argument almost always local councils do not feel a need to overturn
Flexibility, argument for effective reg, argument against not consistent.
There was no national law which could be applied to laws.
Takes time for laws to apply to and catch up with new mediums
The BBFC viewed it as aggressive and grossly inappropriate for teen audiences.
The C-word is treated differently culturally in Scotland.
The teen actors came up with the script, he workshops a cast and they improvise the dialogue, undermines BBFC's argument.
Teens are not to be exposed to realistic depictions of teen working class life
Does the BBFC really reflect all of Britain, concern that it's metropolitan, however now it has employees across all of the UK.
Doesn't mean overall bad, shows there are some indications, you can make your own conclusion.
Warp Films produced what they thought was a teen movie. Core target audience was locked out of the movie. Uses + Gratifications
This Is England is the story of Shane Meadows.
...
It's now extremely rare for the BBFC not to give an 18, i.e. to ban a film.
The BBFC don't come out and say that a film is banned, that's only the practical consequence of refusing a certificate. Each council has the right to give a banned film an 18.
Only exception, the police coming in because they believe it breaches the Obscene Publication Act.
"We can find no redeeming merit". The BBFC didn't see it as a work of art.
Compare with Public Interest Defence. If it had been an indie film. This is a film that is seen to bring in French New Wave styles of editing into mainstream cinema (discontinuity editing). Rape revenge narrative, has a moral message to some degree, so the BBFC's ruling is at least debatable.
Personal viewpoints of James Ferman strongly influenced, bad because of subjectivity, but good because they've been proactive compared to the likes of PCC and IPSO.
1982 = Released on VHS video legally. The BBFC legislation had not anticipated this technology.
Inbetween this time, they created a list of films, Department of Public Prosecutions, which was in breach of the Obscene Publications Act
1984 Video Recordings Act, brings in legal power to regulate VHS, and then it was banned again.
A distributor got several local councils to give it an an 18 rating, that put pressure on the BBFC.
James Ferman retired in 1999, it was submitted again to the BBFC. BBFC said it they cut 90 secs of material it would be given an 18. That was the first time in ten years that a movie had been refused a classification outright.
In 2002 it was finally released on DVD with 31 secs cut.
Material viewed at home is seen as more harmful because of rewind function.
Video Appeals Committee.
The BBFC gave Saw and Hostel an 18, so it doesn't make any sense to insist on these cuts for The Last House On The Left. "without any evidence of harm".
Baisses-Moi + Irreversebles both feature long rape scenes. Both those films featured non-simulated sex,
The BBFC use the terms arthouse and cineast
9 Songs received an R18 rating on DVD while in cinema it was 18.
WEDNESDAY, 9 MAY 2018
Still don't quite understand what a quango is?
And what differences are there between BBFC and OfCom. What is the current status on music video age ratings, I couldn't find any online descriptions
And they don't seem to be enforced online
QUANGO:
Quasi-Autonomous-Non-Governmental Organisation
Oxfam is an NGO (simply not part of government)
OfCom is an NGO
OfCom is and it isn't, BBFC is and it isn't
In theory they are indepedent
BBFC was set up and is still run by the film industry (so it is still to some degree a self-regulator). However, it is based on statute, it is based in law. The government appoints who is head of the BBFC, government overseas and impacts on what the Government does.
2017 law = Digital Economy Act, extended the scope of the BBFC through the passing of a governmental law, the BBFC is the enforcer. They judge what is and what is not a pornography website. That was widened what they do. It is separate from government.
Both IPSO and BBFC are self-funded. The BBFC has a basis in law, it's power doesn't come from voluntary agreement. There is no legally recognised newspaper, there is no law which gives basis to it.
The film industry didn't want tough regulation, so the BBFC was set up to avoid tougher censorship/regulation. IPSO replaced PCC, replaced PC, replaced GCP (General Council on the Press)
Four groups that have all only been narrow on content
IMPRESS will become the legal
RED SPARROW:
The hype of the media coverage was on the nudity of the A-List star, Jennifer Lawrence.
That in itself would make a 15 rating seem unlikely, as it has highly sexually graphic material.
The BBFC and IPSO do, they are purely content regulators, not like OfCom, which does consider market share, competition, pricing and ownership with a licensing system on broadband and telephone industries.
The BBFC never
IPSO are never going to have anything to say about The Express & The Star being sold to Trinity Mirror.
Leveson 2 could happen. There are two backbench bills in the early 1970s, which forced the government to set up the 3rd Royal Commission on the Press. Backbenchers have proposed changes in law (such as the 3rd Royal Commission on the Press)
Tom Watson was given a very direct threat and his bins were being searched, the Murdoch
Culture Secretary David Mellor, his career was ruined.
Arguably the high number of cases that doesn't have a ruling, because usually they get the complainant to accept an apology. That's not very tough press regulation.
Lack of pluralism, we need a greater variety of views expressed in the . It is not good for democracy, as they can impact public opinion.
lets attack the parties
Conservative Party, by refusing Leveson 2, (low taxations for corporations, are against trade unions, against workers' rights)
1. Make IMPRESS
2. Proposal, win or lose, there's a legal complaint against a newspaper, they'll have to pay.
The free market is leading to the bankruptcy of the whole press sector. Advertising has migrated en masse online. This clause
Max Moseley, there was no public interest defence.
Politician preaching on family values is being hypocritical by having an affair, . That government did campaign on family values
1989= Calcutt Committee
Hacked Off campaigned for tougher press regulation. Hugh Grant had his phone hacked. Moseley has also funded IMPRESS. He won damages.
If one of the two bills get passed, then IPSO is no longer
The right-wing press attacks the flak, in their interest to have tougher press regulation.
The Labour Party in Britain has record-breaking local election results, even the BBC reported this as a disaster, specifically for Jeremy Corbyn.
Richard Desmond ("Ethics, what are ethics?")
Press barons
Effective regulators need to look at monopoly, pluralism and ownership.
Margaret Thatcher changed laws that allowed Rupert Murdoch to purchase The Times
BBFC and IPSO are only content regulators. OfCom has given out multi-million fines (such as ITV for rigged phoning competitions) and banned adult stations for breaches of pre-watershed rules. OfCom pass on concerns to government ministers, such as the Sky bid. It only didn't happen because of the phone-hacking scandal.
Express and Star claimed Kate and Jerry McGann had been involved in the disappearance of their child.
The Guardian will get sued by right-wingers if these bills get passed.
Defamation: Libel + Slander (if broadcast media)
108 defamatory articles just on the McGanns (breach of Clause 1 Accuracy).
The regulator is funded by a levy (self-funded)
The PCC acknowledged that it had failed. IPSO was too similar to the failed PCC.
The Readers' Onwardsman.
RICHARD DESMOND
"Stories don't sell papers"
"LevInquiry was the worsed thing that happened because it wasBad for business
"I don't know what ethical is"
He had no interest in press other than business.
Top people of the PCC were from The Daily Mail.
Paul Daker was the Chairman of the Editors Code Committee, huge credibility issue.
Lord Ruthermere, billionaire owner of the Mail and tax exile.
Editor's Code does have reviews (such as the extension of the clauses on children to be wider and more specific, one positive aspect of the PCC)
MONDAY, 14 MAY 2018
The government managed to use the whip system
Leveson - Part 2 might happen if the House of Lords send it back to Parliament.
Very narrow win against Leveson 2
WEDNESDAY, 30 MAY 2018
FUTURE:
Huge and growing pressure on Google and Facebook
Leveson 2
ARBITRATION SCHEME:
IPSO, chief executive of IPSO:
Vast majority of tabloid complaints end up being "resolved by mediation". In most of these cases, IPSO is not stating whether the paper has breached the Editors' Code, they're not handing out rulings. The Daily Mail are avoiding rulings.
OfCom used to, a Labour appointment by Dave Richards.
Licencing System withdrawn, freedom to publish, this was the time when parliament was beginning to overtake the monarchy as the power system in Britain. The monarchy had the say on licensing.
The removal of The Stamp Duty is seen as a massive argument in favour of the free market, as it creates a more powerful independent press, which is good for democracy, however it lead to massive closures of the . This hegemonic view is supported multiple times, such as Peacock and Calcutt. Deregulation. Withdrawing of tax, any form of regulation, is a good thing. However, the press needed advertising in order to keep up its revenue
Debate in Parliament: "We must have more people like us owning the press".
There have been three RCPs. Each one was more critical on the press and repeated their concerns on issues such as ownership, lack of pluralism, large predominance of right-wing views etc., and said we need tougher action. The first one after three years lead to the first press regulator, GCP. Less than 10 years later, the 2nd RCÜ it was replaced by the GCP, and a law was passed, every sale of a newspaper had to be agreed by a government.
All address the concentration of ownership. There are too few people owning the press, Murdoch dominates both the main two markets, ABC1s, C2DEs .
We cannot have this concentration of ownership carry on.
The Guardian used to be owned by the Roundtree Trust, a very straightforward non-for provit organisation, it's now changed its legal status to the Scott Trust, profit has come back into its focus, it's now got shareholders who pay dividends
The panel has never said no to a sale.
Mirror, Star and Express circulation still smaller than The Sun.
1950s - War of the Worlds scandal, seen as justification for audiovisual med
The Express and The Star have supported the EDL
Free market stance for newspapers and licensing
When Calcutt reported, his responses were not followed
IPSO was launched before Leveson had finished. By saying there have been mistakes in our self-regulation. The pressure on them was reduced greatly, when the press industry seemed to agree in a variably reasonable way.
Tom Watson's effort to bring in massive fines by non-Royal Charter. Maximum charge for complaints 100 pounds.
We will make it more accessible
10-100 thousand costs for court, new alternative for courts, compensation system. If you go to IPSO instead of the courts,
If you think you don't just want to go to IPSO for a ruling, instead you can now opt to say you can get financial reparation, I could get nothing or I could get up to 60 000. Almost everything
Maybe in the future there will be a tougher system of self-regulation
You don't just need some of the front page
IPSO did state that they would get more front page apologies, instead of the corrections being buried somewhere in the middle of the newspaper.
In 1977, 1993 you have weak governments
Leveson -
Now you also have a weak government.
...
BBC Radio also banned some songs
2 Life Crew, album As Nasty As They Wanna Be, was
Moral panic= Taking one or two examples and extrapolating that into society
Record store owners were jailed for storing this song (but owning the record wasn't a crime).
1. Link to moral panic
2. Legally judged obscene
Rap and heavy metal were attacked by the PMRC (Parents Music Research Centre) at the same time. Because of them the Parental Advisory stickers.
Economic censorship =
Warp suffer from economic censorship
Content being reduced
While white middle class kids began listening to rap music and to heavy metal music
...
Walmart don't stock any albums with the Parental Advisory stock.
Judgements of obscenity.
Stanley Cohen wrote a book, Folk Devils and Moral Panic. He analysed how the media will take one or two cases
John Springhall
When women are starting riding horses
Children playing with hoolahoops
Older people have this inherent fear of youth culture. The web has sparked countless moral panics.
Newspapers picked up on and expanded upon the tweets and contacted politicians, even the PM got involved.
VIDEO NASTIES:
A videocassette has the same legal right as a tin of baked beans.
Indie horror films, massively successful through video rentals
Julian Petley
The government appoints the head of BBFC and OfCom.
Petley's radical critique
David Cronenberg's Crash:
The government fell in with the
The BBFC said it does meet the requirements of the Obscene Publications Act, contrary to Petley's theory, despite political and press pressure.
The government does not need to fear
The current UK government to go ahead w
The first Royal Commission on the Press
The Second + Third Royal Commission had a range of
BBC and ITV both screened documentaries the British Army and the British Government against Northern Irish people, who are UK citizens.
Death On The Rock - British army assassinated several Northern Irish people
Intense pressure from newspapers
IBA, the then regulator, refused to give in to government pressure.
Thatcher then scratched the IBA and replaced it with a new regulator.
Why was the BBFC founded?
IPSO is voluntary self-regulation
The BBFC is supposedly run by the film industry on behalf of the government
The MPAA does not have statutory powers
Some cinemas will not screen unrated movies, Walmart will not stock them.
Commercial m
The Catholic Church controlled
Millions of Americans gave a vow of
Lara Croft was given a 12 after a scene with a knife was cut, if it hadn't been it would have been a 15.
There are BBFC case studies on the website with social media accounts.
A parent
We acknowledge that digitisation has made it harder for age ratings to be enforced, parents can make an informed choice.
IPSO
Many cases where IPSO haven't made a ruling
BBFC provides clear and specific guidance
MPAA provides none.
The flushing toilet, example of changes in society's attitudes over time
The Hays Code.
Reflecting social attitudes
Always better if you argue it two ways.
Bad, because it's subjective values
The BBFC do detailed audience research and analysis, and publish the results as research into social attitudes.
The Wild One = Imitable techniques, copycat behaviour. The general rebelliousness and julinquency of the youth and concerns of Americanisation.
It portrayed social class bias, there was a fear from the establishment over high culture vs pop culture (The Wild One, rock music, moral panic concept. Concept of teens was popularised helped to define the concept
The BBFC were reflecting subconscious establishment bias against working class characters.
Sweet Sixteen, low budget indie film,. The producers and distributors assumed it was a teen movie
Representation of working class life
If you have constant
Local councils extremely rare to challenge the BBFC. Argument almost always local councils do not feel a need to overturn
Flexibility, argument for effective reg, argument against not consistent.
There was no national law which could be applied to laws.
Takes time for laws to apply to and catch up with new mediums
The BBFC viewed it as aggressive and grossly inappropriate for teen audiences.
The C-word is treated differently culturally in Scotland.
The teen actors came up with the script, he workshops a cast and they improvise the dialogue, undermines BBFC's argument.
Teens are not to be exposed to realistic depictions of teen working class life
Does the BBFC really reflect all of Britain, concern that it's metropolitan, however now it has employees across all of the UK.
Doesn't mean overall bad, shows there are some indications, you can make your own conclusion.
Warp Films produced what they thought was a teen movie. Core target audience was locked out of the movie. Uses + Gratifications
This Is England is the story of Shane Meadows.
...
It's now extremely rare for the BBFC not to give an 18, i.e. to ban a film.
The BBFC don't come out and say that a film is banned, that's only the practical consequence of refusing a certificate. Each council has the right to give a banned film an 18.
Only exception, the police coming in because they believe it breaches the Obscene Publication Act.
"We can find no redeeming merit". The BBFC didn't see it as a work of art.
Compare with Public Interest Defence. If it had been an indie film. This is a film that is seen to bring in French New Wave styles of editing into mainstream cinema (discontinuity editing). Rape revenge narrative, has a moral message to some degree, so the BBFC's ruling is at least debatable.
Personal viewpoints of James Ferman strongly influenced, bad because of subjectivity, but good because they've been proactive compared to the likes of PCC and IPSO.
1982 = Released on VHS video legally. The BBFC legislation had not anticipated this technology.
Inbetween this time, they created a list of films, Department of Public Prosecutions, which was in breach of the Obscene Publications Act
1984 Video Recordings Act, brings in legal power to regulate VHS, and then it was banned again.
A distributor got several local councils to give it an an 18 rating, that put pressure on the BBFC.
James Ferman retired in 1999, it was submitted again to the BBFC. BBFC said it they cut 90 secs of material it would be given an 18. That was the first time in ten years that a movie had been refused a classification outright.
In 2002 it was finally released on DVD with 31 secs cut.
Material viewed at home is seen as more harmful because of rewind function.
Video Appeals Committee.
The BBFC gave Saw and Hostel an 18, so it doesn't make any sense to insist on these cuts for The Last House On The Left. "without any evidence of harm".
Baisses-Moi + Irreversebles both feature long rape scenes. Both those films featured non-simulated sex,
The BBFC use the terms arthouse and cineast
9 Songs received an R18 rating on DVD while in cinema it was 18.
WEDNESDAY, 9 MAY 2018
Still don't quite understand what a quango is?
And what differences are there between BBFC and OfCom. What is the current status on music video age ratings, I couldn't find any online descriptions
And they don't seem to be enforced online
QUANGO:
Quasi-Autonomous-Non-Governmental Organisation
Oxfam is an NGO (simply not part of government)
OfCom is an NGO
OfCom is and it isn't, BBFC is and it isn't
In theory they are indepedent
BBFC was set up and is still run by the film industry (so it is still to some degree a self-regulator). However, it is based on statute, it is based in law. The government appoints who is head of the BBFC, government overseas and impacts on what the Government does.
2017 law = Digital Economy Act, extended the scope of the BBFC through the passing of a governmental law, the BBFC is the enforcer. They judge what is and what is not a pornography website. That was widened what they do. It is separate from government.
Both IPSO and BBFC are self-funded. The BBFC has a basis in law, it's power doesn't come from voluntary agreement. There is no legally recognised newspaper, there is no law which gives basis to it.
The film industry didn't want tough regulation, so the BBFC was set up to avoid tougher censorship/regulation. IPSO replaced PCC, replaced PC, replaced GCP (General Council on the Press)
Four groups that have all only been narrow on content
IMPRESS will become the legal
RED SPARROW:
The hype of the media coverage was on the nudity of the A-List star, Jennifer Lawrence.
That in itself would make a 15 rating seem unlikely, as it has highly sexually graphic material.
The BBFC and IPSO do, they are purely content regulators, not like OfCom, which does consider market share, competition, pricing and ownership with a licensing system on broadband and telephone industries.
The BBFC never
IPSO are never going to have anything to say about The Express & The Star being sold to Trinity Mirror.
Leveson 2 could happen. There are two backbench bills in the early 1970s, which forced the government to set up the 3rd Royal Commission on the Press. Backbenchers have proposed changes in law (such as the 3rd Royal Commission on the Press)
Tom Watson was given a very direct threat and his bins were being searched, the Murdoch
Culture Secretary David Mellor, his career was ruined.
Arguably the high number of cases that doesn't have a ruling, because usually they get the complainant to accept an apology. That's not very tough press regulation.
Lack of pluralism, we need a greater variety of views expressed in the . It is not good for democracy, as they can impact public opinion.
lets attack the parties
Conservative Party, by refusing Leveson 2, (low taxations for corporations, are against trade unions, against workers' rights)
1. Make IMPRESS
2. Proposal, win or lose, there's a legal complaint against a newspaper, they'll have to pay.
The free market is leading to the bankruptcy of the whole press sector. Advertising has migrated en masse online. This clause
Max Moseley, there was no public interest defence.
Politician preaching on family values is being hypocritical by having an affair, . That government did campaign on family values
1989= Calcutt Committee
Hacked Off campaigned for tougher press regulation. Hugh Grant had his phone hacked. Moseley has also funded IMPRESS. He won damages.
If one of the two bills get passed, then IPSO is no longer
The right-wing press attacks the flak, in their interest to have tougher press regulation.
The Labour Party in Britain has record-breaking local election results, even the BBC reported this as a disaster, specifically for Jeremy Corbyn.
Richard Desmond ("Ethics, what are ethics?")
Press barons
Effective regulators need to look at monopoly, pluralism and ownership.
Margaret Thatcher changed laws that allowed Rupert Murdoch to purchase The Times
BBFC and IPSO are only content regulators. OfCom has given out multi-million fines (such as ITV for rigged phoning competitions) and banned adult stations for breaches of pre-watershed rules. OfCom pass on concerns to government ministers, such as the Sky bid. It only didn't happen because of the phone-hacking scandal.
Express and Star claimed Kate and Jerry McGann had been involved in the disappearance of their child.
The Guardian will get sued by right-wingers if these bills get passed.
Defamation: Libel + Slander (if broadcast media)
108 defamatory articles just on the McGanns (breach of Clause 1 Accuracy).
The regulator is funded by a levy (self-funded)
The PCC acknowledged that it had failed. IPSO was too similar to the failed PCC.
The Readers' Onwardsman.
RICHARD DESMOND
"Stories don't sell papers"
"LevInquiry was the worsed thing that happened because it wasBad for business
"I don't know what ethical is"
He had no interest in press other than business.
Top people of the PCC were from The Daily Mail.
Paul Daker was the Chairman of the Editors Code Committee, huge credibility issue.
Lord Ruthermere, billionaire owner of the Mail and tax exile.
Editor's Code does have reviews (such as the extension of the clauses on children to be wider and more specific, one positive aspect of the PCC)
MONDAY, 14 MAY 2018
The government managed to use the whip system
Leveson - Part 2 might happen if the House of Lords send it back to Parliament.
Very narrow win against Leveson 2
WEDNESDAY, 30 MAY 2018
- What is BBFC's current rating power on music videos? Entirely voluntary - Big 3, Vevo. Daily Mail pressured for it. Individual companies . PMRC, commercial weight, Walmart will not stock NC17-rated DVDs and explicit-lyric-CDs.
When there's real building pressure to do something, they're tends to be a lot of inquiry.
Due to the length of an inquiry the pressure decreases
1953 - It took a direct threat to statutory regulation from the government. No sanctions, no system of fines.
IPSO has insisted three times on a front page apology. Every single time they breach the Editors Code, focus on a large. If you keep losing that ad.
With press regulation there is no easy answer.
If any newspapers refuse to sign up to a Royal Charter recognition. Royal Charters are supposed to be above party politics (in theory). IMPRESS regulates, newspapers would have been forced to sign up to IMPRESS.
Lord Leveson agreed that direct political control of newspapers is a bad thing, the Royal Charter is a very undemocratic idea.
Not allowing the press to continue
Tom Watson MP, deputy leader of Labour, wanted to apply Leveson's idea, a Royal Charter
Calcutt said that he would give the press one chance to self-regulate, then when he looked again as he said he would, he said the answer would be statutory regulation . Weak Conservative government ignored it and did nothing.
There's been 70 years since 1948, the first RCP, to bring press regulation.
IPSO has nothing to do directly with Leveson, it's the press's attempt to avoid tougher, statutory regulation.
There have been
Has self-regulation been successful?
Third party complaints have been acknowledged but also ignored
Quicker responses but still taking averagely 4 months
FUTURE:
Huge and growing pressure on Google and Facebook
Leveson 2
ARBITRATION SCHEME:
IPSO, chief executive of IPSO:
Anyone who has a valid claim against them can make it through the IPSO scheme for a maximum cost of £100, and the newspaper has no choice but to arbitrate.In the Code Committee, the Daily Mail's Editor is involved
Vast majority of tabloid complaints end up being "resolved by mediation". In most of these cases, IPSO is not stating whether the paper has breached the Editors' Code, they're not handing out rulings. The Daily Mail are avoiding rulings.
OfCom used to, a Labour appointment by Dave Richards.
Licencing System withdrawn, freedom to publish, this was the time when parliament was beginning to overtake the monarchy as the power system in Britain. The monarchy had the say on licensing.
The removal of The Stamp Duty is seen as a massive argument in favour of the free market, as it creates a more powerful independent press, which is good for democracy, however it lead to massive closures of the . This hegemonic view is supported multiple times, such as Peacock and Calcutt. Deregulation. Withdrawing of tax, any form of regulation, is a good thing. However, the press needed advertising in order to keep up its revenue
Debate in Parliament: "We must have more people like us owning the press".
There have been three RCPs. Each one was more critical on the press and repeated their concerns on issues such as ownership, lack of pluralism, large predominance of right-wing views etc., and said we need tougher action. The first one after three years lead to the first press regulator, GCP. Less than 10 years later, the 2nd RCÜ it was replaced by the GCP, and a law was passed, every sale of a newspaper had to be agreed by a government.
All address the concentration of ownership. There are too few people owning the press, Murdoch dominates both the main two markets, ABC1s, C2DEs .
We cannot have this concentration of ownership carry on.
The Guardian used to be owned by the Roundtree Trust, a very straightforward non-for provit organisation, it's now changed its legal status to the Scott Trust, profit has come back into its focus, it's now got shareholders who pay dividends
The panel has never said no to a sale.
Mirror, Star and Express circulation still smaller than The Sun.
1950s - War of the Worlds scandal, seen as justification for audiovisual med
The Express and The Star have supported the EDL
Free market stance for newspapers and licensing
When Calcutt reported, his responses were not followed
IPSO was launched before Leveson had finished. By saying there have been mistakes in our self-regulation. The pressure on them was reduced greatly, when the press industry seemed to agree in a variably reasonable way.
Tom Watson's effort to bring in massive fines by non-Royal Charter. Maximum charge for complaints 100 pounds.
We will make it more accessible
10-100 thousand costs for court, new alternative for courts, compensation system. If you go to IPSO instead of the courts,
If you think you don't just want to go to IPSO for a ruling, instead you can now opt to say you can get financial reparation, I could get nothing or I could get up to 60 000. Almost everything
Maybe in the future there will be a tougher system of self-regulation
You don't just need some of the front page
IPSO did state that they would get more front page apologies, instead of the corrections being buried somewhere in the middle of the newspaper.
In 1977, 1993 you have weak governments
Leveson -
Now you also have a weak government.
...
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